Population-oriented research | Patient-oriented research |
---|---|
Paradigm: Randomized clinical trials | No paradigm: observational and experimental research |
Focuses on the “generalization” of results | Focuses on the “individualization” of results |
Efficacy in average patients | Effectiveness in subgroups of patients and individual patients |
Absolute efficacy | Comparative effectiveness |
Identify the percentage of patients who will respond to an intervention | Identify which options are more effective for which patients |
Evaluation of interventions | Evaluation of patients and their diseases |
Analysis of homogeneity | Analysis of heterogeneity |
A posteriori subgroup analysis | Subgroups identified a priori |
Aggregation: the study of commonalities | Disaggregation: the study of differences |
Inductive logic | Hypothetic-deductive logic |
Exploratory observations and confirmatory trials | Exploratory trials and confirmatory observations |
Minimizes the value of observations, exceptions, and case series | Assigns greater value to observations, exceptions, and case series |
Distinction between clinical practice and research | Integration of clinical practice and research |
From bench-to-bedside | From bedside-to-bench |
Evidence-based medicine | Medicine-based evidence |