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Table 1 Input parameters and output validation for the nationally average and average academic environments

From: A flexible simulation platform to quantify and manage emergency department crowding

Input parameters

National average

Academic average

MTA Beds

321

415

FT Beds

01

62

Physicians

32

42

PAs

02

12

Nurses

82

132

Nurse to Patient Ratio†

1:43

1:43

Mean Arrivals per Day

1551

1955

Mean LWBS Threshold†

3.5 hrs2

3.5 hrs2

Mean Nursing Assessment†

5 min2

5 min2

Mean Physician Assessment†

10 min2

10 min2

Mean Lab TAT†

30 min2

45 min2

Mean Imaging TAT†

75 min2

90 min2

Admit Rate†

12.8%1

25.8%5

Mean Boarding Delay†

1.63 hrs4

4.43 hrs5

Outputs

Simulated

Actual 1

Simulated

Actual 5

LWBS Rate (%)

3.06 (1.03)

3.00

4.54 (0.88)

4.50

Door-to-Event Time (hrs)

—

—

—

—

Doctor

0.98 (0.10)

0.97

1.25 (0.07)

1.31

Disposition

3.06 (0.15)

3.08

3.41 (0.08)

3.41

Exit

3.71 (0.15)

3.73

5.63 (0.10)

5.67

Patients/Doctor/Hour

2.41 (0.02)

1.8-2.83

2.21 (0.01)

2.51

Patients/Bed/Year

1764.5 (16.8)

no data

1513.8 (9.67)

1360.3

  1. Input parameters for the nationally average and average academic environments (above). Simulated outputs reported as mean (sd) of 30 one-month simulations closely approximate actual data (below). Note: between 2:00am and 10:00am, the number of physicians is reduced by 1 and the number of nurses is reduced by 3. †These parameters are modulated to be acuity-dependent according to an ED provider heuristic; the figures reported are the mean over all patients. TAT: turnaround time. Sources: 1CDC [29], 2ED Provider Estimate, 3ACEP [31, 34], 4CMS [30], 5AAAEM Survey [32].