Variables | All Areas | No HIO Presence | HIO Presence | Â | Hospital Participation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Markets | 469 | 171 | 298 | Â | 298 | Â |
Categorical Variables | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | P-value | Mean (SD) | P-value |
Number of Hospitals |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |
 Low (1–4) | 175 (37%) | 106 (62%) | 69 (23%) |  | 58% (32) |  |
 Moderate (5–8) | 128 (27%) | 36 (21%) | 92 (31%) |  | 41% (24) |  |
 High (9+) | 166 (35%) | 29 (17%) | 137 (46%) |  | 47% (25) |  |
 Total | 469 | 171 | 198 |  |  |  |
Hospital Competition (HHI) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  | 0.33 |
 Non-Competitive (0.46–1.00) | 127 (27%) | 67 (39%) | 60 (20%) |  | 59% (32) |  |
 Moderately Competitive (0.25–0.45) | 166 (35%) | 62 (36%) | 104 (35%) |  | 45% (26) |  |
 Highly Competitive (0.00–0.24) | 176 (37%) | 42 (25%) | 134 (45%) |  | 43% (20) |  |
 Total | 469 | 171 | 298 |  |  |  |
For-Profit Hospital Marketshare |  |  |  | 0.003 |  |  < 0.001 |
 Low For-Profit Marketshare (0–57%) | 357 (76%) | 117 (68%) | 240 (81%) |  | 34% (34) |  |
 High For-Profit Marketshare (> 57%) | 112 (24%) | 54 (32%) | 58 (19%) |  | 18% (18) |  |
 Total | 469 | 171 | 298 |  |  |  |
No. of EHR Vendors |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |
 Low (1–2) | 141 (30%) | 21 (12%) | 120 (40%) |  | 55% (32) |  |
 Moderate (3–4) | 146 (31%) | 45 (26%) | 101 (34%) |  | 44% (25) |  |
 High (5+) | 182 (39%) | 105 (61%) | 77 (26%) |  | 44% (19) |  |
 Total | 469 | 171 | 298 |  |  |  |
Vendor Competition (HHI) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  | 0.35 |
 Non-Competitive (0.63–1.00) | 144 (31%) | 76 (44%) | 68 (23%) |  | 57% (31) |  |
 Moderately Competitive (0.38–0.62) | 162 (35%) | 57 (33%) | 105 (35%) |  | 46% (25) |  |
 Highly Competitive (0.00–0.37) | 163 (35%) | 38 (22%) | 125 (42%) |  | 42% (20) |  |
 Total | 469 | 171 | 298 |  |  |  |
Alternative HIE Approach (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No (0–49% of hospitals on Epic) | 256 (55%) | 135 (79%) | 121 (41%) | < 0.001 | 44% (27) | < 0.001 |
 Yes (50–100% of hospitals on Epic) | 213 (45%) | 36 (21%) | 177 (59%) |  | 49% (24) |  |
 Total | 469 | 171 | 298 |  |  |  |
Continuous Variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P-value | Coefficient (SE) | P-value |
Number of HSAs | 6 (6) | 5 (4) | 6 (6) | 0.018 | 0.16 (0.23) | 0.46 |
% HIO Participation | 30 (30) | 0 (0) | 47 (25) | < 0.001 |  |  |
% Hospital Participation in Patient Centered Medical Home and/or Accountable Care Organizations | 27 (27) | 17 (26) | 33 (25) | < 0.001 | 0.003 (0.001) | < 0.001 |
% Revenue Shared Risk Programs | 1 (4) | 1 (3) | 2 (4) | 0.062 | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.72 |
% Inpatient Days Medicare | 52 (21) | 53 (15) | 51 (9) | 0.088 | 0.18 (0.16) | 0.25 |
% Inpatient Days Medicaid | 19 (9) | 18 (10) | 19 (8) | 0.066 | 0.32 (0.19) | 0.10 |
Hospital Beds per 1000 residents | 24 (31) | 15 (16) | 29 (36) | < 0.001 | −0.09 (0.04) | 0.03 |
FTE Hospital Staff per 1000 residents | 164 (197) | 98 (91) | 202 (229) | < 0.001 | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.12 |
Percentage of Hospitals in Urban Settings | 62 (35) | 46 (39) | 72 (29) | < 0.001 | −0.04 (0.05) | 0.50 |
Number of Physicians (Weighted County Average) | 409 (769) | 260 (737) | 495 (775) | 0.001 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.65 |