Table 2 HITAM-related factors influencing willingness to use TM (Univariate analysis)
| Â | Total, n(%) | Willinga, n(%) | Odds ratio and confidence Interval | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavioural Beliefs (Health Status) | ||||
 No. of Years since diagnosis of diabetes mellitusa | ||||
  5 or less | 210 (49.5) | 123 (58.6) | 1.672 (1.139–2.457) | < 0.01 |
  More than 5 years | 214 (50.5% | 98 (45.8) | Reference |  |
 No. of Years since diagnosis of hypertensiona | ||||
  5 or less | 298 (40.7) | 167 (56.0) | 1.298 (1.020–1.745) | 0.10 |
  More than 5 years | 434 (59.3) | 215 (49.5) | Reference |  |
 Is patient on insulin injectiona | ||||
  On insulin | 49 (11.3) | 27 (55.1) | 1.165 (0.641–2.117) | 0.65 |
  Not on insulin | 384 (88.7) | 197 (51.3) | Reference |  |
 T2DM and Hypertension medicationa | ||||
  Takes regularly | 849 (94.6) | 449 (52.9) | 1.220 (0.682–2.184) | 0.55 |
  Does not take regularly | 48 (5.4) | 23 (47.9) | Reference |  |
 Visits to Polyclinic per yeara | ||||
  4 or less visits | 587 (65.5) | 296 (62.7) | 1.301 (0.986–1.717) | 0.07 |
  More than 4 visits | 309 (34.5) | 176 (57.0) | Reference |  |
Behavioural beliefs (health beliefs and concerns) | ||||
 In general, would you say your health is (i.e. perception of health): | ||||
  Good | 504 (56.1) | 293 (58.1) | 1.676 (1.285–2.185) | < 0.01 |
  Poor | 395 (43.9) | 179 (45.3) | Reference |  |
 How much time did the patient set aside for the appointment todaya | ||||
   < 3 h | 705 (78.5) | 385 (54.6) | 1.427 (1.036–1.964) | 0.03 |
   > 3 Hours | 193 (21.5) | 88 (45.6) | Reference |  |
 Confidence managing T2DM/Hypertension | ||||
  Confident | 630 (70.1) | 350 (74.2) | 1.506 (1.130–2.007) | 0.06 |
  Not confident | 269 (29.9) | 122 (45.4) | Reference |  |
 Perception of health compared to 1 year agoa | ||||
  Worse health | 197 (21.9) | 87 (44.2) | Reference |  |
  Same or better | 701 (78.1) | 384 (54.7) | 1.532 (1.114–2.105) | 0.01 |
Normative beliefs (hit reliability) | ||||
 TM would be satisfactory compared to seeing the doctor in persona | ||||
  Agree | 316 (35.1) | 225 (71.2) | 3.535 (2.5–4.449) | < 0.01 |
  Disagree | 582 (64.9) | 247 (42.4) | Reference |  |
 Convenience of visit to polyclinic | ||||
  Convenient | 825 (91.8) | 435 (52.7) | 1.115 (0.693–1.795) | 0.72 |
  Not convenient | 74 (8.2) | 37 (50.0) | Reference |  |
 Transport Mode†| ||||
  Public or personal transport | 626 (72.2) | 334 (53.4) | 1.116 (0.829–1.502) | 0.50 |
  Walk | 241 (27.8) | 122 (50.6) | Reference |  |
 Is patient accompanied | ||||
  Accompanied | 169 (18.8) | 102 (60.4) | 1.481 (1.054–2.082) | 0.03 |
  Not accompanied | 730 (81.2) | 370 (50.7) | Reference |  |
 Perceptions on monetary savings from telemedicinea | ||||
  Saves money | 470 (52.4) | 306 (65.1) | 2.963 (2.257–3.388) | < 0.01 |
  Does not save money | 427 (47.6) | 165 (38.6) | Reference |  |
Normative beliefs (Subjective Norms) | ||||
 Patient would be more convinced after seeing benefits from reports | ||||
  More willing | 532 (59.2) | 309 (58.1) | 1.734 (1.326–2.268) | < 0.01 |
  Not more willing | 367 (40.8) | 163 (44.4) | Reference |  |
Efficacy beliefs (hit self efficacy) | ||||
 Patients feel they would not be able to explain their problems adequately via tele-monitoring.a | ||||
  Disagree | 465 (51.8) | 203 (43.7) | Reference |  |
  Agree | 433 (48.2) | 268 (61.9) | 2.096 (1.605–2.740) | < 0.01 |
 Tele-monitoring can violate patients’ privacy | ||||
  Agree | 204 (22.7) | 90 (44.1) | Reference |  |
  Disagree | 695 (77.3) | 382 (55.0) | 1.546 (1.129–2.119) | < 0.01 |
 Handphonea | ||||
  Owns | 857 (95.4) | 461 (53.8) | 3.175 (1.571–6.418) | < 0.01 |
  Does not own | 41 (4.6) | 11 (26.8) | Reference |  |
 Smartphonea | ||||
  Owns | 778 (86.6) | 433 (55.7) | 2.607 (1.735–3.917) | < 0.01 |
  Does not own | 120 (13.4) | 39 (32.5) | Reference |  |
 Access to computera | ||||
  Has access to computer | 666 (74.2) | 384 (57.7) | 2.228 (1.640–3.027) | < 0.01 |
  No access to computer | 232 (25.8) | 88 (37.9) | Reference |  |
 Access to internet | ||||
  Yes | 792 (88.4) | 435 (54.9) | 2.206 (1.442–3.375) | < 0.01 |
  No | 232 (11.6) | 37 (15.9) | Reference |  |
 Computer skillsa | ||||
  Yes | 635 (70.6) | 380 (59.8) | 2.77 (2.054–3.375) | < 0.01 |
  No | 262 (29.4) | 93 (35.5) | Reference |  |
 Use Smartphone appsa | ||||
  Uses apps | 609 (78) | 366 (60.1) | 2.36 (1.669–3.339) | < 0.01 |
  Does not use apps | 172 (22) | 67 (39.0) | Reference |  |
 Tablets | ||||
  Owns | 407 (45.5) | 252 (61.9) | 2.023 (1.547–2.645) | < 0.01 |
  Does not own | 487 (54.5) | 217 (44.6) | Reference |  |
 Patient feels communication devices too challenging | ||||
  Challenging | 397 (44.2) | 160 (40.3) | Reference |  |
  Not Challenging | 502 (55.8) | 312 (62.2) | 2.227 (1.859–3.185) | < 0.01 |