Associations of perceived changes in work due to digitalization and the amount of digital work with job strain among physicians: a national representative sample

Table 3 Results of the univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses for time pressure

Variable	Univariable model			Multivariable model
Variable	b	95% CI	P value	b	95% CI	P value
Perceived changes in work due to digitalization
More active role of patients
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.12	.03, .21	.007	.01	− .09, .10	.92
Agree	.14	.07, .22	< .001	.11	.04, .19	.004
Improved possibilities for preventive work
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.18	.11, .26	< .001	.08	− .004, .17	.06
Agree	.04	− .05, .13	.38	.06	− .03, .15	.21
Progressed interprofessional collaboration
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.17	.09, .25	< .001	.02	− .07, .11	.66
Agree	.11	.04, .19	.004	.10	.02, .18	.01
Supported decision-making
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.12	.05, .19	.001	.05	− .03, .12	.23
Agree	.11	.03, .20	.01	.04	− .05, .12	.41
Facilitated access to patient information
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.15	.06, .24	< .001	.004	− .09, .10	.92
Agree	− .10	− .19, − .02	.02	− .06	− .14, .02	.15
Accelerated clinical encounters
Neutral	ref			ref
Disagree	.28	.20, .35	< .001	.12	.04, .20	.003
Agree	− .14	− .26, − .02	.03	− .09	− .21, .02	.12
Amount of digital work
Number of HISs in daily use
≤ 2	ref			ref
≥ 3	.29	.22, .35	< .001	.17	.11, .23	< .001
Frequency of teleconsultations
Not at all–to some extent	ref			ref
Much–very much	.19	.10, .28	< .001	.22	.14, .31	< .001

N = 4271, b Unstandardized beta coefficient, which indicated how many points on average the time pressure score (scale 1–5) increased or decreased in a certain group compared to a reference group; CI Confidence interval, ref. Reference, HISs Health information systems. The univariable model measured the independent effect of each variable with time pressure separately. The multivariable model included simultaneously the variables of perceived changes in work due to digitalization and amount of digital work with time pressure, adjusted by gender, length of work experience, experience with the current EHR, EHR grade, location of employment, working sector, and working unit. The multivariable model was significant, F (35, N = 4271) = 20.84, P < .001, explaining 15% (R²) of the variance in time pressure. Variables were based on the questionnaire of the Electronic Health Record Systems as a Tool for Physicians 2021 Study [61]

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