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Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of modeling group and validation groups

From: Machine-learning predictions for acute kidney injuries after coronary artery bypass grafting: a real-life muticenter retrospective cohort study

 

Modeling Group (n = 2224)

Internal Validation Group (n = 556)

P value

External Validation Group

 

QLH(n = 1648)

P value

GHN(n = 403)

P value

Age(y)

66(12)

66(11)

0.053

66(12)

<0.001

63(10)

<0.001

Gender(male) (n, %)

1694(76.17)

426(76.61)

0.824

1181(71.66)

0.002

275(68.23)

0.001

Weight (kg)

68.00(14.00)

69.00(14.00)

0.061

70.00(15.00)

<0.001

69.01(14.00)

<0.001

Height (cm)

168.00(12.00)

168.00(12.00)

0.163

170.00(12.00)

<0.001

166.26(12.00)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.65(3.85)

24.91(3.44)

0.611

24.65(4.44)

0.091

24.95(4.41)

0.050

BSA (m2)

1.86(0.22)

1.86(0.21)

0.886

1.90(0.22)

<0.001

1.86(0.22)

0.063

Morbid obesity (n, %)

113(5.10)

20(3.60)

0.143

101(6.12)

0.158

18(4.47)

0.602

NYHA IV (n, %)

52(2.33)

6(1.08)

0.063

83(5.04)

<0.001

16(3.17)

0.058

CAD classification

  

0.001

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

Stable angina (n, %)

559(25.13)

167(30.03)

 

111(6.74)

 

36(8.68)

 

Unstable angina (n, %)

1349(60.66)

296(53.23)

 

1483(89.99)

 

225(55.83)

 

AMI (n, %)

274(12.32)

94(16.91)

 

52(3.16)

 

66(16.38)

 

Hypertension (n, %)

1532(68.89)

411(73.92)

0.021

1023(62.08)

<0.001

253(62.78)

0.016

Diabetes (n, %)

747(29.51)

211(37.95)

0.053

562(34.10)

0.738

152(37.72)

0.108

Cerebrovascular disease (n, %)

340(15.29)

60(10.79)

0.007

175(10.62)

<0.001

36(8.93)

0.001

Preoperative Scr (µmol/l)

76.70(26.00)

80.00(26.00)

0.514

72.00(20.00)

<0.001

74.63(24.30)

<0.001

Preoperative eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

77.32(34.11)

75.26(33.16)

0.047

84.63(30.31)

<0.001

90.11(34.69)

<0.001

Preoperative LVEF (%)

62.00(8.88)

62.00(8.88)

0.071

60.00(13.00)

<0.001

59.13(16.99)

<0.001

Number of diseased vessels (n, %)

  

<0.001

 

<0.001

 

0.022

1

106(4.77)

40(7.19)

 

15(0.91)

 

9(2.23)

 

2

244(10.97)

87(15.64)

 

176(10.68)

 

35(8.68)

 

3

1874(84.26)

429(77.16)

 

1457(88.41)

 

359(89.08)

 

Peripheral vascular disease (n, %)

206(9.26)

143(25.72)

<0.001

40(2.42)

<0.001

141(34.99)

<0.001

Surgical status (n, %)

  

0.217

 

<0.001

 

<0.001

Emergency

64(2.89)

10(1.80)

 

1(0.06)

 

1(0.25)

 

Rescue

22(0.98)

3(0.53)

 

2(0.12)

 

0(0.00)

 

Valvular disease (n, %)

271(12.18)

66(11.87)

0.839

50(3.03)

<0.005

27(6.70)

0.001

IABP implantation (n, %)

73(3.28)

26(4.68)

0.113

55(3.34)

0.925

17(4.22)

0.342

COPD (n, %)

111(4.99)

38(6.83)

0.084

9(0.55)

<0.001

28(6.95)

0.106

Atrial fibrillation (n, %)

71(3.19)

21(3.78)

0.491

30(1.82)

0.006

13(3.23)

0.972

Pulmonary hypertension (n, %)

95(4.27)

43(7.73)

0.001

95(5.76)

0.084

3(0.74)

0.001

Previous PCI (n, %)

209(9.40)

36(6.47)

0.030

85(5.16)

<0.001

40(9.93)

0.739

Bypass graft number(n)

3.00(1.00)

3.00(1.00)

 

3.00(1.00)

 

3.00(1.00)

 

Cardiopulmonary bypass (n, %)

129(5.80)

61(10.97)

<0.001

121(7.34)

0.054

4(0.99)

<0.001

AKI (n, %)

352(15.82)

22(3.96)

<0.001

135(8.19)

<0.001

55(13.64)

0.266

Stage 1

233(10.47)

18(3.23)

 

97(5.89)

 

37(9.18)

 

Stage 2

73(3.28)

2(0.36)

 

29(1.76)

 

12(2.98)

 

Stage 3

46(2.07)

2(0.36)

 

9(0.55)

 

6(1.49)

 
  1. Abbreviation: QLH, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; GHN, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University; BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; NYHA, New York heart association; CAD, coronary artery disease; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; Scr, Serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; AKI, acute kidney injuries
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